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# FAMP-IT Family: Information on Food Allergies in Babies & Toddlers

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- [References](https://fampitfamily.org/references/): References Early Introduction Abrams E, et al. Early Solid Food Introduction: Role in Food Allergy Prevention and Implications for Breastfeeding. J Pediatr. 2017 May;184:13-18 Adatia, A., Clarke, A. E., Yanishevsky, Y., & Ben-Shoshan, M. (2017). Sesame allergy: current perspectives. Journal of Asthma and Allergy, 10, 141–151. doi:10.2147/JAA.S113612 Du Toit G, Roberts G, Sayre PH, Bahnson HT, Radulovic S, Santos AF, Brough HA, Phippard D, Basting M, Feeney M, Turcanu V. Randomized trial of peanut consumption in infants at risk for peanut allergy. N Engl J Med. 2015 Feb 26;372:803-13. Du Toit G, Sayre PH, Roberts G, et al. Follow-up to adolescence after early peanut introduction for allergy prevention. NEJM Evid. 2024;3(6). doi:10.1056/EVIDoa2300311 Fleischer DM; Chan ES; Venter C; Spergel JM; Abrams EM; Stukus D; Groetch M; Shaker M; Greenhawt M. A Consensus Approach to the Primary Prevention of Food Allergy Through Nutrition: Guidance from the American Academy of Allergy, Asthma, and Immunology; American College of Allergy, Asthma, and Immunology; and the Canadian Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology. The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. In Practice, U.S. National Library of Medicine, pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33250376/. Gabryszewski SJ, Dudley J, Faerber JA, Grundmeier RW, Fiks AG, Spergel JM, Hill DA. Guidelines for early food introduction and patterns of food allergy. Pediatrics. 2025;156(5):e2024070516. doi:10.1542/peds.2024-070516. Katz, Y et al. Early exposure to cow’s milk protein is protective against IgE-mediated cow’s milk protein allergy. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2010 Jul;126(1):77-82 Keet C, Pistiner M, Plesa M, Szelag D, Shreffler W, Wood R, Dunlop J, Peng R, Dantzer J, Togias A. Age and eczema severity, but not family history, are major risk factors for peanut allergy in infancy. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2021. Keet C, Plesa M, Szelag D, et al. Ara h 2-specific IgE is superior to whole peanut extract-based serology or skin prick test for diagnosis of peanut allergy in infancy. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2021;147(3):977-983.e2. doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2020.11.034 Koplin JJ, Peters RL, Tang MLK, et al. Egg Allergy Prevalence Before and After Guidelines for Earlier Egg Introduction. JAMA Pediatr. Published Online June 8, 2026. doi:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2026.2080 National Institute for Allergy and Infectious Disease. Addendum Guidelines for the Prevention of Peanut Allergy in the United States. 2017. doi:10.1097/01.JAA.0000512231.15808.66 Nwaru Bi, et al. Age at the introduction of solid foods during the first year and allergic sensitization at age 5 years. Pediatrics. 2010 Jan;125(1):50-9 Onizawa Y et al. The Association of the Delayed Introduction of Cow’s Milk with IgE-Mediated Cow’s Milk Allergies. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2016 May-Jun;4(3):481-488.e2 Perkin MR, Logan K, Tseng A, Raji B, Ayis S, Peacock J, Brough H, Marrs T, Radulovic S, Craven J, Flohr C. Randomized trial of introduction of allergenic foods in breast-fed infants. N Engl J Med. 2016 May 5;374:1733-43. Poole JA, et al. Timing of initial exposure to cereal grains and the risk of wheat allergy. Pediatrics. 2006 Jun;117(6):2175-82 Sakihara T, Otsuji K, Arakaki Y, Hamada K, Sugiura S, Ito K. Randomized trial of early infant formula introduction to prevent cow’s milk allergy. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2021;147(1). doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2020.08.021 Sicherer, S., Allen, K., Lack, G., Taylor, S., Donovan, S., Oria, M. (2017). Critical issues in food allergy: A national academies consensus report. Pediatrics, 140(2): e20170194. DOI: 10.1542/peds.2017-0194 U.S. Department of Agriculture and U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Dietary Guidelines for Americans, 2020-2025. 9th Edition. December 2020. Available at DietaryGuidelines.gov. Vassilopoulou E, Karastogiannidou C, Comotti A, Agostoni C, Maragkou MK, Papadopoulos NG, et al. Adherence to Mediterranean diet during pregnancy, breastfeeding, and development of food allergy in the offspring: Results from the MEDALLION cohort study. Allergy. 2025. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40944444/ Venter C, Beltran J, Bracchiglione J, et al. Immunonutrition in Early Life: The Role of Complementary Feeding, Dietary Patterns, and Nutritional Exposures on the Health of Young Children-An EAACI Scoping Review. Allergy. 2026. Available from: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/all.70429 Venter C, Meyer RW, Greenhawt M, Pali-Schöll I, Nwaru B, Roduit C, et al. Role of dietary fiber in promoting immune health-An EAACI position paper. Allergy. 2022;77(11):3185-3198. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35801383/ Venter C, Pickett-Nairne K, Leung D, Fleischer D, O'Mahony L, Glueck DH, et al. Maternal allergy-preventive diet index, offspring infant diet diversity, and childhood allergic diseases. Allergy. 2024;79(12):3475-3488. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39192779/ Weinberger et al. Current perspectives on tree nut allergy: a review. J Asthma Allergy. 2018 Mar 26;11:41-51 Eczema Brough HA, et al. (2020). Atopic dermatitis increases the effect of environmental peanut exposure on peanut sensitization. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 146(2):367–375. Brough HA, et al. (2020) Environmental peanut exposure and the risk of peanut sensitization and allergy. J Allergy Clin Immunol.145(2):633–643. Choragudi, S., Yosipovitch, G. (2023). Trends in the prevalence of eczema among US children by age, sex, race, and ethnicity from 1997 to 2018. JAMA Dermatology. doi:10.1001/jamadermatol.2022.6647  Chu, D. K., Schneider, L., Asiniwasis, R. N., Boguniewicz, M., Casale, T. B., Chu, A. W. L., Eigenmann, P. A., Fleischer, D. M., Greenhawt, M., Horner, C. C., Mack, D. P., Milner, J. D., Oppenheimer, J., Schneider, A. T., Searing, D. A., Spergel, J. M., Stukus, D. R., Venter, C., Wang, J., … Golden, D. B. K. (2024). Atopic dermatitis (eczema) guidelines: 2023 American Academy of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology/American College of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology Joint Task Force on Practice Parameters GRADE- and Institute of Medicine-based recommendations. Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology, 132 (3), 274–312. Eichenfield, L., et al. (2014). Guidelines of care for the management of atopic dermatitis: section 1. Diagnosis and assessment of atopic dermatitis. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology, 70(2), 338–351. Flohr C, et al. (2021). Atopic dermatitis and the risk of food allergy. Allergy. 76(3):748–761. Greenhawt M, et al. (2021) Peanut allergen persistence on hands and the effect of handwashing. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol.127(2):214–220. Lack G, et al. (2022). The dual-allergen exposure hypothesis: Revisited and updated. Allergy. 2022;77(1):7–16. Leung DYM, Berdyshev E, Goleva E. (2020). Cutaneous barrier dysfunction in allergic diseases. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 145(6):1485–1497. Leyva-Castillo JM, et al. (2023). Epithelial-derived cytokines in allergic skin inflammation and food allergy. Nat Rev Immunol. 23(4):233–247. Maloney JM, et al. (2020). Persistence of peanut protein in saliva after ingestion. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 146(4):889–891. Monir, R., Schoch, J., Garven, C., Neu, J., Lemas, D. (2022). Association between atopic dermatitis and race from infancy to early childhood: a retrospective cohort study. International Journal of Dermatology. Perry TT, et al. (2020) Distribution of peanut allergen in the environment and effectiveness of cleaning methods. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 145(2):667–669. Roduit, C., Frei, R., Depner, M., et al. (2017). Phenotypes of atopic dermatitis depending on the timing of onset and progression in childhood. JAMA Pediatrics. Schoch, J., Anderson, K., Jones, A., Tollefson, M. (2025). Atopic Dermatitis: Update on Skin-Directed Management: Clinical Report. American Academy of Pediatrics. Smeekens JM, et al. (2021). Household food allergen exposure and sensitization in early life. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep.21:48. Strid J, Hourihane J, Kimber I, Callard R, Strobel S. (2022). Epicutaneous exposure to food allergens and the development of food allergy. Clin Exp Allergy. 52(4):465–477. Tham, E., Leung, D. (2019). Mechanisms by which atopic dermatitis predisposes to food allergy and the atopic march. Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology Research. https://doi.org/10.4168/aair.2019.11.1.4 Turner PJ, Campbell DE, Boyle RJ, Levin ME. (2021). Primary prevention of food allergy: Translating evidence from clinical trials to population-based recommendations. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 147(6):2020–2029. Allergy Management American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology. Eosinophilic Esophagitis: Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Treatment. American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology. . Available from AAAA&I Boyce JA et al. Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of food allergy in the United States: report of the NIAID-sponsored expert panel. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2010 Dec 1;126(6):S1-58. Dosanjh, A. (2013). Infant anaphylaxis: The importance of early recognition. Journal of Asthma and Allergy, 6, 103-107. Dribin TE, et al. Severity grading system for acute allergic reactions: a multidisciplinary Delphi study. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2021 Jan 19. doi: 10.1016/j.jaci.2021.01.003. Greenhawt, M., Gupta, R. S., Meadows, J. A., Pistiner, M., Spergel, J. M., Camargo, C. A., Simons, F. E. R., & Lieberman, P. L. (2019). Guiding principles for the recognition, diagnosis, and management of infants with anaphylaxis: An expert panel consensus. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 7(4), 1148-1156. Pistiner M, Mendez-Reyes JE, Eftekhari S, Carver M, Lieberman J, Wang J, Camargo CA Jr. Caregiver reported presentation of severe food-induced allergic reactions in infants and toddlers. JACI In-practice. 2020. Nov 18;S2213-2198(20)31224-1. doi: 10.1016/j.jaip.2020.11.005. Simons FE. First-aid treatment of anaphylaxis to food: focus on epinephrine. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2004 May 1;113(5):837-44. Simons FE, Clark S, Camargo Jr CA. Anaphylaxis in the community: learning from the survivors. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2009 Aug 1;124(2):301-6. Wang, J. Sicherer, S.H. AAP SOAI. Guidance on Completing a Written Allergy and Anaphylaxis Emergency Plan. Pediatrics. Mar 2017, 139 (3) e20164005; doi: 10.1542/peds.2016-4005.
- [Meet Your Healthcare Team](https://fampitfamily.org/meet-your-healthcare-team/): Over the course of your child's food allergy journey, you may meet many different clinicians and healthcare staff. All of these individuals can be a part of your baby or toddler's healthcare team. They all have the same goal of helping you figure out when to introduce your child to solids, how to manage your baby's eczema, what allergy tests might be needed, how food allergies are managed if there is a diagnosis, and more. When you have questions or concerns, your child's healthcare team is there to help you.
- [Emergency Preparedness – Allergic Reactions and Anaphylaxis](https://fampitfamily.org/anaphylaxis-in-babies/): Introducing food allergens early is a great way to prevent food allergies from developing in your baby. But sometimes, even when the common food allergens are started at the right time (between 4 and 6 months of age and when developmentally ready), some infants may still develop a food allergy and have a reaction to something they eat. This is an allergic reaction. Allergic reactions can either be IgE-mediated or non-IgE-mediated. There are two types because different things that can happen in your baby's body because of the food they ate, depending on which allergy type they have.
- [Video Resources for Families](https://fampitfamily.org/video-resources-for-families/): This 3-part video series shares tips on what you can do to prevent food allergies in your baby. It covers topics such as early allergen introduction, skin management, and mother's diet.
- [Understanding Eczema](https://fampitfamily.org/understanding-eczema/): Eczema is a very common skin condition that can make your child’s skin feel dry, itchy, and irritated. You may hear your healthcare team use the term atopic dermatitis—this is simply the most common type of eczema in children. Many people use the two terms to mean the same thing.
- [Eczema – How the Healthcare Team Can Help](https://fampitfamily.org/eczema-how-the-healthcare-team-can-help/): For many children with eczema, their symptoms can be managed at home. But sometimes, extra help is needed, and that's okay. Whether it's to get that first diagnosis or advice on dealing with nighttime scratching, reaching out to your baby's healthcare team is a great move. Keep reading to find out:
- [Managing Eczema – Everyday Skincare](https://fampitfamily.org/managing-eczema-everyday-skincare/): Taking care of your baby's skin every day is one of the best things you can do to manage your baby's eczema. These steps are simple, and a steady routine can go a long way in reducing itching, preventing flare-ups, and helping your child feel better. Keep reading to learn more about:
- [Managing Eczema – Treating Flare-ups](https://fampitfamily.org/managing-eczema-treating-flare-ups/): A "flare-up" or "flare" is when your child’s eczema suddenly gets worse. You may notice more redness, itching, dryness, or irritation than usual. These moments can feel frustrating, especially if they seem to come out of nowhere.
- [WIC – USDA’s Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children](https://fampitfamily.org/wic/): WIC is the USDA’s Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children. WIC offers many different services for participating families, such as supplemental food assistance (where extra food budget is given to support but not replace current groceries/budget), nutrition education, breastfeeding support, and health and community resources. Side bonus, WIC can help families navigate food allergies while getting access to nutritious foods! Keep scrolling to find out more about:
- [Accessibility Statement](https://fampitfamily.org/accessibility-statement/): This is an accessibility statement from FAMP-IT Family. 
- [About FAMP-IT Family](https://fampitfamily.org/about-us/): This platform was created by the FAMP-IT team at Mass General Brigham for Children's Food Allergy Advocacy, Education, and Prevention Program, made possible with special help from content contributors, reviewers, and funders. Thank you to all for joining us in our mission to both prevent food allergies from developing in infants and help families manage their children's food allergies when they do develop.
- [When to see a Food Allergy Specialist](https://fampitfamily.org/food-allergy-specialist/): While the conversation about your child’s food allergies will often start with a pediatrician, there may come a time when you want your child's healthcare team to include a specialist, like an allergist (a doctor who focuses on respiratory and allergic diseases), a dermatologist (a doctor who focuses on skin diseases), or a gastroenterologist (a doctor who focuses on the digestive system, including the stomach and intestines).
- [Food Allergy and Anaphylaxis Treatment for Infants and Toddlers](https://fampitfamily.org/food-allergy-treatment/): Building habits to avoid food allergens is a great way to keep your baby safe -- and at the end of the day, it's enough. Some families may choose to take additional steps and discuss the different food allergy treatments with their healthcare team. On this page, learn more about the different treatments and medications that may come up during your baby's food allergy journey, including:
- [How to Prevent Food Allergies in Infants: A Guide to Early Allergen Introduction](https://fampitfamily.org/early-allergen-introduction/): Babies are wonderful… and feeding them is sometimes stressful. Food allergies are just one of many things you have to think about. While food allergies can sound scary, there’s actually something you can do to help stop your child from getting them. As your baby grows out of the newborn stage, they approach a big milestone: introducing complementary foods, including the common allergens. Key takeaways in this section...
- [Anaphylaxis Action Plan for Infants and Toddlers](https://fampitfamily.org/infant-toddler-anaphylaxis-action-plan/): Although rare in infants and toddlers, anaphylaxis is a serious, possibly life-threatening allergic reaction that needs fast treatment. Yes, this is very scary to think about. The good news is that young children often do very well when given epinephrine at the start of symptoms.
- [Allergic Reactions and Anaphylaxis in Babies](https://fampitfamily.org/anaphylaxis-in-babies-original/): When introducing your baby to new foods, one of the things you have to watch out for is signs of an allergic reaction. Most allergic reactions at this age are mild. However, anaphylaxis occasionally happens. Anaphylaxis is a serious allergic reaction that requires quick attention. Fortunately, it’s rare in babies. Also fortunately, there is a great treatment available that little ones respond very well to: epinephrine.  Since your child can’t tell you how they feel yet, this guide will teach you exactly what to look for so you can act fast, stay calm, and keep them safe. Here you will learn how to:
- [Cross-Contact and Food Allergies in Infants and Toddlers](https://fampitfamily.org/cross-contact-food-allergies/): If your child has a food allergy, ingredients are not the only thing you need to pay attention to. You also need to be mindful of how foods are made and handled. A food that seems safe could still cause a reaction if it has touched a food containing your child’s allergen. This is called “cross-contact.” While this can feel overwhelming, there is good news. Once you understand how cross-contact happens and where it is most likely to occur, there are simple steps you can take to help prevent it.
- [How to Read Food Labels to Prevent Allergic Reactions in Infants and Toddlers](https://fampitfamily.org/how-to-read-food-labels/): Reading food labels is a wonderful and important step you can take to keep your baby safe from allergic reactions. While it may be something you need to remind yourself to do at first, it becomes a regular habit for many caregivers! Most packaged foods in the United States have information about what’s inside, including ingredients and allergens. Knowing where to find this information on a label can help you feel good about the foods you choose.
- [How to Prevent a Food Allergy Reaction](https://fampitfamily.org/prevent-food-allergy-reaction/): Once your child is diagnosed with a food allergy, there’s a lot to learn all at once — new rules, things to watch for, and constant “what if” situations. It’s normal to feel overwhelmed in the beginning. The good news is that focusing on a few key basics can make a big difference.
- [Symptoms and Management of Food Allergies in Babies and Toddlers](https://fampitfamily.org/symptoms-food-allergies/): Introducing your baby to new foods is an exciting stage of your child's life. Some parents may wonder what happens when you offer foods like peanut butter, eggs, or yogurt for the first time. If you are concerned about food allergies, or there's a history of food allergies in your family, take the time to learn the symptoms of an allergic reaction in babies.
- [Understanding and Diagnosing Food Allergies in Infants and Toddlers](https://fampitfamily.org/diagnose-food-allergies/): Your child's allergist will diagnose food allergies using a combination of:
- [Food Allergies in Infants and Toddlers](https://fampitfamily.org/): FAMP-IT stands for Food Allergy Management and Prevention for Infants and Toddlers. It's a support tool to help you navigate the early years of your baby's food allergy with confidence and ease.
- [Privacy Policy](https://fampitfamily.org/privacy-policy/): Your privacy is important to us. It is FAMP-IT Family's policy to respect your privacy and comply with any applicable law and regulation regarding any personal information we may collect about you, including across our website, https://fampitfamily.org/, and other sites we own and operate.

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